Slipped Disc, Disc prolapse, Sciatica, Disc Degeneration

Lumbar and Cervical discs are prone to degeneration and prolapse due to their secondary acquired curvatures.
Each disc consists of Outer Annulus, and Inner Nucleus pulposus. As annulus becomes weak, or becomes degenerative, or ruptures secondary to an injury; the nucleus pulposus material extrudes into the spinal canal or the nerve root region. This produces pressure on the nerves producing Sciatica like symptoms.

Technically called a Prolapse Intervertebral disc syndrome; traditionally, it has been labelled as Slipped disc.
A disc protrusion can produce pressure on the spinal cord itself, or on one of the exiting nerve roots producing the typical symptoms.

Treatment of a herniated disc depends on a number of factors including:
•Symptoms experienced by the patient
•Age of the patient
•Activity level of the patient
•Presence of worsening symptoms or neurologic deficit

More than 90 percent patients of new onset Sciatica or disc prolpase, can be satisfactorily treated without surgery. However, there is small chance of recurrence.
Activity and lifestyle modification is important to prevent recurence.

A word of caution to be remembered in such cases: Any patient with neurologic deficit, or worsening pain despite adequate conservative trial, or those presenting with loss of bladder/ bowel control are candidates with significant pressure on the spinal cord or the exiting nerve roots.
Such patients MUST seek Orthopedic opinion, and may require surgical intervention.

Recurrent Dislocation of Patella/ Chronic Patellofemoral Instability

Chronic Patellofemoral instability can be a disabling condition. Female adolescents are the most common first time dislocators. The younger a patient is at the time of first dislocation and the more severe the dislocation, the greater is the risk of subsequent dislocation.
Common causes of Recurrent patellar dislocation are :
1. Increased Q angle
2. Trochlear dysplasia
3. Lax or deficient medial Patellofemoral ligament
4. High riding patella, or small patella
5. Increased knee valgus
6. Hyperextension of the knee

The vastus medialis obliquus and the medial patellofemoral ligament act together as a combined dynamic complex preventing lateral dislocation of patella.

Non-operative measures must be exhausted before offering a surgical option.
Physiotherapy is directed towards closed chain exercises and VMO strengthening, in close supervision of an Orthopedic surgeon.
Surgical options include the soft tissue procedures and bony procedures, depending upon the underlying pathology.
Skeletally immature patients are particularly demanding, as bony procedures should be avoided until maturity.
Soft tissue procedures include the MPFL reconstruction, Medial imbrication, Lateral retinacular release. Bony procedures include Trocheoplasty and Tibial tubercle osteotomy and re-alignment.

Key Points :
1. Outcome with MPFL reconstruction alone in patients with trochlea dysplasia may not be good.
2. There is no evidence that surgical stabilization of the patellofemoral joint decreases long term degenerative changes, despite improving short term stability.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome CTS

Carpal tunnel syndrome is pressure on the median nerve -- the nerve in the wrist that supplies feeling and movement to parts of the hand. It can lead to numbness, tingling, weakness, or muscle damage in the hand and fingers.
Carpal tunnel syndrome is common in people who perform repetitive motions of the hand and wrist.

A number of medical problems are associated with carpal tunnel syndrome, including:
Bone fractures and arthritis of the wrist, Acromegaly, Diabetes, Alcoholism, Hypothyroidism, Kidney failure and dialysis, Menopause, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and pregnancy, Obesity, Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and scleroderma etc.

Symptoms :
Numbness or tingling in the thumb and next two or three fingers of one or both hands.
Weakness in one or both hands.

Diagnosis may be done by Clinical Evaluation, and Electro-diagnostic tests like Electromyography and Nerve conduction velocity.

Treatment
For patient, who are not responding to conservative management, or when there is documented 
neuronal damage, surgery should be performed.
Carpal tunnel release is a surgical procedure that cuts into the ligament that is pressing on the nerve. Surgery is successful most of the time, but recovery depends on how long the nerve compression has been occurring and its severity.

The procedure can be done under local anesthesia. The procedure involves a skin incision of approximately 1 inch, which heals in a week. The patient is discharged on the day of surgery, and can start normal activities in a week.

Shoulder Dislocations

Shoulder dislocations commonly seen in young individuals occur as a result of direct or indirect impact over the shoulder joint. There are two broad types of dislocations described; based on the position of the Humeral head.
Anterior dislocations are more common. Posterior dislocation are a rare entity; often seen in epileptics. After an impact, the patient feels sudden give way in the shoulder joint followed by inability to move the upper limb. This is associated with pain which becomes worse with attempted movements.
The common scenario is a patient supporting his affected upper limb by the other hand.
Early of a shoulder dislocation is of paramount importance. If a shoulder dislocation is neglected, it may lose its vascularity and become necrotic.
Careful clinical assessment is required to confirm the type of dislocation.
The mechanism of reduction is to reverse the order of the deforming force.
In 90 percent of cases, a shoulder dislocation may be reduced without requiring any form of anesthesia. In some cases, a mild sedative helps reduce the patient's apprehension. Rarely an open reduction is required and particularly in patients presenting late to the clinic.
Patient's co-operation is of utmost importance.
Every shoulder dislocation has a risk of re-dislocation with similar or less severe impact. This happens due to laxity of tissue surrounding the shoulder joint.
After a dislocation has been reduced, the patient must be forewarned about this complication.
The risk of re-dislocation may be substantially reduced with supervised physiotherapy and avoidance of the precipitating forces.
In a fresh dislocation occurring in a young patient; after performing a closed reduction, the shoulder joint should be splinted for a period of 2-3 weeks. In elderly patients, early passive exercises are allowed for fear of causing stiffness of immobilization.
A patient with history of shoulder dislocation should be kept under close observation.
If there are lesions in the glenoid labrum (bankart's lesions) or the Humeral head (Hill Sach's and Reverse Hill Sach's lesions), sometimes an operative intervention may be required in patients presenting with recurrent dislocations or shoulder instability that interferes with daily routine activities.
The risk of dislocation reduces with increasing age.

In Toe Gait in Children

Intoeing means that when a child walks or runs, the feet turn inward instead of pointing straight ahead. It is commonly referred to as being "pigeon-toed."

Intoeing is often first noticed by parents when a baby begins walking. In the vast majority of children younger than 8 years old, intoeing will almost always correct itself without the use of casts, braces, surgery, or any special treatment. A child whose intoeing is associated with pain, swelling, or a limp should be evaluated by an orthopaedic surgeon.

There are three common conditions causing intoeing:

•Curved foot (metatarsus adductus)
•Twisted shin (tibia torsion)
•Twisted thighbone (femoral anteversion)

Metatarsus adductus improves by itself most of the time, usually over the first 4 to 6 months of life. Babies aged 6 to 9 months with severe deformity or feet that are very rigid may be treated with casts or special shoes with a high rate of success. Surgery to straighten the foot is seldom required.

Tibial torsion almost always improves without treatment, and usually before school age. Splints, special shoes, and exercise programs do not help. Surgery to re-set the bone may be done in a child who is at least 8 to10 years old and has a severe twist that causes significant walking problems.

Femoral anteversion spontaneously corrects in almost all children as they grow older. Studies have found that special shoes, braces, and exercises do not help. Surgery is usually not considered unless the child is older than 9 or 10 years and has a severe deformity that causes tripping and an unsightly gait. Like surgery for tibial torsion, during the procedure for femoral anteversion, the femur is cut and rotated back into proper alignment.

Treatment is mostly Reassurance and Observation
Ref:  http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00055

Pulled Elbow or Nursemaid's Elbow

Nursemaid elbow or Pulled Elbow, as is commonly called, most commonly occurs in children aged 1-4 years. The usual history is a child been lifted or pulled by the wrist, followed by pain and loss of active forearm rotation.

The forearm is usually flexed 15-20 degrees at the elbow, and the forearm is partially pronated. Often, the weight of the affected arm is supported with the other hand. The patient resists supination/pronation as well as flexion/extension of the forearm.

Axial traction is the most common cause of nursemaid elbow.

Ultrasonography has been used as a noninvasive modality to assess for annular ligamentous injury and displacement of the radial head from the capitellum. It has also been used to assess progress of treatment for patients with recurrent subluxations.

Once diagnosed, the radial head can be easily relocated using simple manoeuvres. The patient should be able to completely supinate the forearm, after a successful reduction.

Age younger than 2 years and a delay of more than 4 hours before treatment have been associated with failure to use an affected arm within 30 minutes. An important part of the management is educating parents about the risk of reoccurrence.

Coccidynia

Coccidynia is classically defined as pain in the coccyx region. It may occur secondary to a fracture in coccyx or a ligamentous sprain in sacrococcygeal ligament. Patients usually complaint of pain while sitting on hard surface, or during defecation.
Treatment is mainly supportive.
Most patients respond to Ultrasonic and IFT stimulation therapy. In resistant cases, local steroid injection along with local anaesthetic may be given.
Surgical option is considered, in rare circumstances.